Raw source water contains parts of plants, blue-green algae and their toxins, and many other types of organic matter…
Wastewater recycling uses reverse osmosis (RO) membranes to produce freshwater but this process also generates a waste stream – the reverse osmosis concentrate (ROC) – which contains almost all the contaminants present in the original wastewater…
Source waters are disinfected to remove harmful pathogens, but chlorine reacts with organic matter and bromides to form disinfection by-products (DBPs) which can affect health…
Components of dissolved organic matter (DOM) and dissolved organic nitrogen (DON) in source waters can react with disinfecting chlorine or chloramine to form nitrogenous disinfection byproducts (n-DBPs) which might be toxic and hazardous to health…
Cyanobacterial blooms are a major problem for reservoir managers because of the large numbers of cells and the toxins they contain…
Water is disinfected to remove harmful microbes and pathogens such as cholera and typhoid…