There are over 40,000 chemical compounds registered for use in Australia; however, very few of these have been monitored in aquatic receiving environments…
Every day, Australians produce ~5 billion litres of wastewater, which contains a cocktail of chemicals…
The standards for recycling stormwater are higher for drinking water than for non-potable reuse such as agricultural or urban irrigation…
Compliance with the Australian Guidelines for Water Recycling ensures that recycled wastewater does not present a health risk due to infectious pathogens or disease-causing chemicals…
Wastewater recycling uses reverse osmosis (RO) membranes to produce freshwater but this process also generates a waste stream – the reverse osmosis concentrate (ROC) – which contains almost all the contaminants present in the original wastewater…
Recycling wastewater by using reverse osmosis (RO) and ultrafiltration appears to be associated with the formation of some groups of micropollutants but there is not much information about these processes…
Fish, frogs, and other aquatic animals sometimes show signs of ‘endocrine disruption’; aberrant changes to their hormone or reproductive systems that are thought to be caused by chemicals in the water they inhabit..
Some wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) use membrane bioreactors (MBR)…
Reverse osmosis (RO) is used to desalinate seawater and brackish groundwater, and to remove microscopic pathogens from treated wastewater…
Harmful pathogens and compounds must be removed from wastewater before it can be discharged to the environment or used for irrigation, and many source waters need salts removed to make them potable…